Hraber, Peter T., Terry Jones, Stephanie Forrest. 1997.

Hraber, Peter T., Terry Jones, Stephanie Forrest. 1997. The Ecology of Echo. Artificial Life 3: 165–190 (1997) MIT.

Echo is a generic ecosystem model in which evolving agents are situated in a resource-limited environment. The Echo model is described, and the behavior of Echo is evaluated on two well-studied measures of ecological diversity: relative species abundance and the species-area scaling relation. In simulation experiments, these measures are used to compare the behavior of Echo with that of a neutral model, in which selection on agent genotypes is random. These simulations show that the evolutionary component of Echo makes a significant contribution to its behavior and that Echo shows good qualitative agreement with naturally occurring species abundance distributions and species-area scaling relations.